摘要：<p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">核電用不鏽鋼情況</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">核電站涉及材料領域非常廣泛，主要包括核燃料、中子慢化劑、核反應控製和反射材料、反應堆冷卻劑、反應堆結構材料。其中，<a href="http://m.al-nawasi.com" target="_blank">不鏽鋼</a>主要作為反應堆結構材料得到應用。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">核電站核燃料包殼材料、核反應堆的壓力殼、反應堆堆內構件、蒸汽發(fā)生器傳熱管等都是關鍵結構材料，鋯及鋯合金、鋼及鎳基合金、鋁合金是核電站*主要的三類結構材料，其中鋼和鎳合金由於生產技術成熟、來源較廣、價格相對較低，成為核電站結構材料的優(yōu)選目標。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">據(jù)介紹，發(fā)電能力</span>100<span style="font-family:宋體;">萬千瓦的核電站消耗鋼材</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">5</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">萬噸以上，反應堆本體的壓力殼、堆內構件、控製棒驅動機構、一回路係統(tǒng)的設備、構件、部件等關鍵部位用的鋼和鎳合金，其數(shù)量多達數(shù)千噸，就壓水堆和沸水堆而言，與一回路冷卻劑接觸的設備和構件，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">90%</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">以上是用鋼和鎳合金製造，在鋼和鎳合金中不鏽鋼占</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">80-90%</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">，以下為核電站用不鏽鋼的具體情況。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">壓力容器</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">壓力容器是核電站*關鍵的設備，堆芯設備及堆內構件放置於壓力容器中並發(fā)生核裂變，壓力容器是防止放射性外逸的重要屏障。根據(jù)容器承壓及工作環(huán)境，各類反應堆用容器材質有所區(qū)彆。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">堆芯、堆內結構、控製棒驅動機構</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">輕水堆大量使用不鏽鋼，除力學性能滿足要求的原因，抗輻照性能好也是一個主要原因。其使用不鏽鋼主要部件為：燃料組件主要用高鎳合金或奧氏體不鏽鋼以及鉻鎳不鏽鋼；控製棒組件一般選用鉻鎳奧氏體不鏽鋼等；堆內構件采用鉻鎳不鏽鋼板材、鍛材、管材等。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">其它堆型包括鈉快冷堆和核素生產堆，分彆選用鉻鎳奧氏體不鏽鋼和奧氏體不鏽鋼、雙相不鏽鋼。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">一回路管道和冷去劑泵</span>&nbsp;</span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">輕水堆的主管道，沸水堆壓力較低，管壁可以較薄，主要用不鏽鋼，我國小型壓水堆主管道采用</span>0Cr18Ni10Ti<span style="font-family:宋體;">不鏽鋼鍛管。一般反應堆一回路主泵外殼為不鏽鋼鑄件，小型壓水堆主泵則用不鏽鋼整體鍛造，主軸用不鏽鋼鍛件。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">其他堆型，包括重水堆、生產堆、鈉快冷堆一回路管道均用奧氏體不鏽鋼，氣冷堆一回路與蒸發(fā)器相連接的管道，溫度較低時采用碳鋼和低合金鋼，對於高溫氣冷堆，隨溫度不同，則選用耐熱鋼和高鎳合金。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">蒸汽發(fā)生器和<a href="http://m.al-nawasi.com" target="_blank">熱交換器</a></span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;mso-fareast-font-family:宋體;"><a href="http://m.al-nawasi.com" target="_blank">&nbsp;</a></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">蒸發(fā)器和熱交換器是通過一回路冷卻劑把反應堆所產生的熱能傳給二回路的工作介質水，使水變?yōu)檎羝脑O備。輕水堆中蒸發(fā)器傳熱管材料由於工況惡劣，主要采用高鎳合金，支撐板采用</span>0Cr13AL<span style="font-family:宋體;">鐵素體不鏽鋼，上部汽水分離器等全部采用奧氏體不鏽鋼。</span></span> </p> <p style="margin:0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:10.5pt;mso-spacerun:&quot;yes&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><span style="font-family:宋體;">重水堆蒸發(fā)器管為鎳基合金，鈉快冷堆中間熱交換器的傳熱管一般選用</span>304<span style="font-family:宋體;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">321</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri;">316</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">，蒸發(fā)器傳熱管主要采用鉻鉬係耐熱鋼，生產堆傳熱管、管板、隔板等均采用奧氏體不鏽鋼，我國選用雙相不鏽鋼效果更好。</span></span> </p>